Suppose we want to see how many times each letter
appears in a string there are of course several ways you could do it:
- Creating 26 variables one for each letter and then construct a loop that would traverses the string and for each character, increment the corresponding counter.
- Creating a list with 26 elements. Then you could convert each character to a number, use the number as an index into the list, and increment the appropriate counter
- Creating a dictionary with characters and keys and counters as the corresponding values. The first time you see a character, you would add an item to the dictionary. After that you would increment the value of an existing item.
Ok before we apply the dictionary let’s see the
previous two options first one being to create 26 variables.
Example –
Counting letters in user input string
|
userinput = raw_input('Enter a sentence without
numbers: ')
line = userinput.lower()
a = 'a'; b = 'b'; c = 'c'; d = 'd'; e = 'e'; f =
'f'; g = 'g'
h = 'h'; i = 'i'; j = 'j'; k = 'k'; l = 'l'; m =
'm'; n = 'n'
o = 'o'; p = 'p'; q = 'q'; r = 'r'; s = 's'; t =
't'; u = 'u'
v = 'v'; w = 'w'; x = 'x'; y = 'y'; z = 'z'
ln = len(line) -1
print ln
i = 0
counta = 0; countb = 0; countc = 0; countd = 0;
counte = 0; countf = 0
countg = 0; counth = 0; counti = 0; countj = 0;
countk = 0; countl = 0
countm = 0; countn = 0; counto = 0; countp = 0;
countq = 0; countr = 0
counts = 0; countt = 0; countu = 0; countv = 0;
countw = 0; countx = 0
county = 0; countz = 0
while i <= ln:
if a in
line[i]:
counta
= counta + 1
elif b in
line[i]:
countb
= countb + 1
elif 'c'
in line[i]:
countc
= countc + 1
elif 'd'
in line[i]:
countd
= countc + 1
elif 'e'
in line[i]:
counte
= counte + 1
elif 'f'
in line[i]:
countf
= countf + 1
elif 'g'
in line[i]:
countg
= countg + 1
elif 'h'
in line[i]:
counth
= counth + 1
elif 'i'
in line[i]:
counti
= counti + 1
elif 'j'
in line[i]:
countj
= countj + 1
elif 'k'
in line[i]:
countk
= countk + 1
elif 'l'
in line[i]:
countl = countl + 1
elif 'm'
in line[i]:
countm
= countm + 1
elif 'n'
in line[i]:
countn
= countn + 1
elif 'o'
in line[i]:
counto
= counto + 1
elif 'p'
in line[i]:
countp
= countp + 1
elif 'q'
in line[i]:
countq
= countq + 1
elif 'r'
in line[i]:
countr
= countr + 1
elif 's'
in line[i]:
counts
= counts + 1
elif 't'
in line[i]:
countt
= countt + 1
elif 'u'
in line[i]:
countu
= countu + 1
elif 'v'
in line[i]:
countv
= countv + 1
elif 'w'
in line[i]:
countw
= countw + 1
elif 'x'
in line[i]:
countx
= countx + 1
elif 'y'
in line[i]:
county
= county + 1
elif 'z'
in line[i]:
countz
= countz + 1
else:
counta;countb;countc;countd
counte;countf;countg;counth
counti;countj;countk;countl
countm;countn;counto;countp
countq;countr;counts;countt
countu;countv;countw;countx;
county;countz
i = i + 1
print 'Number of letter a: ' + str(counta)
print 'Number of letter b: ' + str(countb)
print 'Number of letter c: ' + str(countc)
print 'Number of letter d: ' + str(countd)
print 'Number of letter e: ' + str(counte)
print 'Number of letter f: ' + str(countf)
print 'Number of letter g: ' + str(countg)
print 'Number of letter h: ' + str(counth)
print 'Number of letter i: ' + str(counti)
print 'Number of letter j: ' + str(countj)
print 'Number of letter k: ' + str(countk)
print 'Number of letter l: ' + str(countl)
print 'Number of letter m: ' + str(countm)
print 'Number of letter n: ' + str(countn)
print 'Number of letter o: ' + str(counto)
print 'Number of letter p: ' + str(countp)
print 'Number of letter q: ' + str(countq)
print 'Number of letter r: ' + str(countr)
print 'Number of letter s: ' + str(counts)
print 'Number of letter t: ' + str(countt)
print 'Number of letter u: ' + str(countu)
print 'Number of letter v: ' + str(countv)
print 'Number of letter w: ' + str(countw)
print 'Number of letter x: ' + str(countx)
print 'Number of letter y: ' + str(county)
print 'Number of letter z: ' + str(countz)
|
When we execute a code the result is following:
Enter a sentence without numbers: Say hello to my
little friend
28
Number of letter a: 1
Number of letter b: 0
Number of letter c: 0
Number of letter d: 1
Number of letter e: 3
Number of letter f: 1
Number of letter g: 0
Number of letter h: 1
Number of letter i: 2
Number of letter j: 0
Number of letter k: 0
Number of letter l: 4
Number of letter m: 1
Number of letter n: 1
Number of letter o: 2
Number of letter p: 0
Number of letter q: 0
Number of letter r: 1
Number of letter s: 1
Number of letter t: 3
Number of letter u: 0
Number of letter v: 0
Number of letter w: 0
Number of letter x: 0
Number of letter y: 2
Number of letter z: 0
|
An
implementation is a way of performing a computation; some implementations are
better than others. For example, an advantage of the dictionary implementation
is that we don’t have to know ahead of time which letters appear in the string
and we only have to make room for the letters that do appear.
userinput = 'Say hello to my little friend'
line = userinput.lower()
print line.strip('')
d = dict()
for c in line:
if c not in
d:
d[c] = 1
else:
d[c] =
d[c] + 1
print d
{'a': 1,
' ': 5, 'e': 3, 'd': 1, 'f': 1, 'i': 2, 'h': 1, 'm': 1, 'l': 4, 'o': 2, 'n': 1,
's': 1, 'r': 1, 't': 3, 'y': 2}
We
are effectively computing a histogram, which is a statistical term for a set of
counter. The for loop traverses the string. Each time through the loop, if the
character c is not in the dictionary, we create new item with key c and the
initial value 1. If c is already in the dictionary we increment d[c].
Dictionaries have a method called get that takes a key
and a default value. If the key appears in the dictionary, get returns the
corresponding value, otherwise it returns the default value. For example
>>> print
d.get('t',0)
3
With the use of get method we can reduce four lines
down to one and eliminate the if statement.
userinput
= 'Say hello to my little friend'
line =
userinput.lower()
print
line.strip('')
d =
dict()
for c in
line:
d[c] = d.get(c,0) + 1
print d
The use of get method is to simplify this counting loop ends up being a very commonly
used ‘idiom’ in Python and you’ll use it many times.
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