Let's
imagine a situation where we have two programs that solve a same problem and we
have to find out which one of those two is better? Before we start algorithm
analysis we’ll explain the difference between program and underlying algorithm
that the program represents.
Program
is an algorithm that has been encoded into some programming language.
Algorithm
is a generic step-by-step list of instructions for solving a problem.
So
there may be many programs for the same algorithm depending on the programmer
and programming language being used.
Let’s
start by creating a program that calculates sum of number n.
Function
sumOfn is clearly better than function James so the conclusion of analyzing
those two examples of a program pay attention to readability. Write programs
that are easy to read and understand.
Algorithm
analysis is concerned with comparing algorithms based upon the amount of
computing resources that each algorithm uses.
Compare
algorithms to see which one is better because it is more efficient in its use
of resources or it simply uses fewer resources. We can conclude that those two
functions above seem very similar because they both use some algorithm to solve
summation problem essentially.
Computing
resources
Consider amount of space or memory an algorithm
requires to solve a problem. The amount of space required by problem solution
is typically dictated by a problem instance itself.
Analyze and compare algorithms based on the amount of
time they require to execute this is called Execution time or Running time of
algorithm
To measure execution time of function sumOfn is to
perform Benchmark analysis.
Python benchmark of algorithm using time module and
calculation difference between starting time and ending time.
In
the time module there is a function called time, that will return current
system clock time in seconds since the same starting arbitrary point.
import time
def sum_of_n_2(n):
start = time.time()
total = 0
for i in range(1, n+1):
total = total + i
end = time.time()
timedifference = end - start
return total, timedifference
print "Sum is %d required %10.15f seconds" % sum_of_n_2(10)
print "Sum is %d required %10.15f seconds" % sum_of_n_2(100)
print "Sum is %d required %10.15f seconds" % sum_of_n_2(1000)
The output is given below
Sum is 55 required 0.000000000000000 seconds
Sum is 55 required 0.000000000000000 seconds
Sum is 5050 required 0.000000000000000 seconds Sum is 500500 required 0.000000000000000 seconds Sum is 50005000 required 0.000000000000000 seconds Sum is 5000050000 required 0.006999969482422 seconds Sum is 500000500000 required 0.093000173568726 seconds Sum is 50000005000000 required 0.992999792098999 seconds Sum is 5000000050000000 required 10.267999887466431 secondsThe function sum_of_n_2 is the same as function used in previous example, just with timing calls embedded before and after the summation. Function returns a tuple consisting of the result and amount of time in seconds required for the calculation.
Now we will construct the function with same purpose
to sum n integers. Function sum_of_n_3 takes advantage of closed equation Sum(i) = n(n+1)/2
With this function we’ll avoid using loops to
calculate the sum of n integers.
def sum_of_n_3(n):
start = time.time()
total = (n*(n+1))/2
end = time.time()
timedifference = end-start
return total, timedifference
print "Sum is %d required %10.15f seconds" % sum_of_n_3(10)
print "Sum is %d required %10.15f seconds" % sum_of_n_3(100)
print "Sum is %d required %10.15f seconds" % sum_of_n_3(1000)
print "Sum is %d required %10.15f seconds" % sum_of_n_3(10000)
print "Sum is %d required %10.15f seconds" % sum_of_n_3(100000)
print "Sum is %d required %10.15f seconds" % sum_of_n_3(1000000)
print "Sum is %d required %10.15f seconds" % sum_of_n_3(10000000)
print "Sum is %d required %10.15f seconds" % sum_of_n_3(100000000)
After executing the code we'll get following result. Sum is 55 required 0.000000000000000 seconds Sum is 5050 required 0.000000000000000 seconds Sum is 500500 required 0.000000000000000 seconds Sum is 50005000 required 0.000000000000000 seconds Sum is 5000050000 required 0.000000000000000 seconds Sum is 500000500000 required 0.000000000000000 seconds Sum is 50000005000000 required 0.000000000000000 seconds Sum is 5000000050000000 required 0.000000000000000 seconds
As
in previous example we did the same benchmark using different values of n. As
we can see time required is 0 for each case. Second they are very consistent no
matter the value of n is. Function is hardly impacted by the number of integers
being added.
Iterative
solution seen to be doing more work since the program is being repeated. This
is a reason it is taking longer. Time required for iterative solution seems to
increase the value of n. We need a better way of measuring the algorithm
quality because the benchmark technique is dependent on system/computer we’re
using.
